As credential efforts continue become more enterprise-wide, agency-wide, and even nation-wide, two distinct "key" areas -- the identification technology and the issuance process -- continue to garner the attention of the industry. Articles in this issue focus on these two keys ... technology in our primer on 'flip chips' and our exploration of optical memory cards, and processes in our investigation of the NACI vetting process and the look into the somewhat chaotic state of driver license issuance.